Temples in Kutri Village, Bihar, India

Temples in Kutri Village, Bihar, India-

Kutri Village, located in the Warisaliganj Block of Nawada district in Bihar, India, is renowned for its rich spiritual heritage and is often referred to as a “village of temples.” The village is home to several significant Hindu temples, each reflecting the deep-rooted religious traditions of the region.​Instagram+4Wikipedia+4mayugroup.com+4

Notable Temples in Kutri Village

1. Kali Mata Temple
   This temple is dedicated to Maa Kali, a revered deity in the village. It serves as a central place of worship and is integral to the spiritual life of the community.
2. Shivalaya (Near High School)
   A temple devoted to Lord Shiva, located near the local high school. It is a prominent site for devotees and plays a vital role in the village’s religious activities.
3. Laxmi Narayan Temple
   Dedicated to Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi, this temple is another significant religious site in Kutri, attracting worshippers from the village and surrounding areas.

These temples not only serve as places of worship but also as centers for community gatherings and cultural events, reflecting the village’s strong religious and cultural fabric.​

For a visual glimpse into Kutri Village and its temples, you might find this video insightful:

What is Temples in Kutri Village, Bihar, India?

Kutri Village, located in the Warisaliganj Block of Nawada district in Bihar, India, is renowned for its rich spiritual heritage and is often referred to as a “village of temples.” The village is home to several significant Hindu temples, each reflecting the deep-rooted religious traditions of the region.​

Notable Temples in Kutri Village

1. Kali Mata Temple
   This temple is dedicated to Maa Kali, a revered deity in the village. It serves as a central place of worship and is integral to the spiritual life of the community.
2. Shivalaya (Near High School)
   A temple devoted to Lord Shiva, located near the local high school. It is a prominent site for devotees and plays a vital role in the village’s religious activities.
3. Laxmi Narayan Temple
   Dedicated to Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi, this temple is another significant religious site in Kutri, attracting worshippers from the village and surrounding areas.

These temples not only serve as places of worship but also as centers for community gatherings and cultural events, reflecting the village’s strong religious and cultural fabric.

Who is Required Temples in Kutri Village, Bihar, India?

Kutri Village in Bihar, India, is renowned for its rich spiritual heritage and is often referred to as a “village of temples.” The village is home to several significant Hindu temples, each reflecting the deep-rooted religious traditions of the region.​

Notable Temples in Kutri Village

1. Kali Mata Temple
   Dedicated to Maa Kali, this temple serves as a central place of worship and is integral to the spiritual life of the community.
2. Shivalaya (Near High School)
   A temple devoted to Lord Shiva, located near the local high school. It is a prominent site for devotees and plays a vital role in the village’s religious activities.
3. Laxmi Narayan Temple
   Dedicated to Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi, this temple is another significant religious site in Kutri, attracting worshippers from the village and surrounding areas.
4. Kutri Thakurwadi
   A sacred space dedicated to Lord Rama, this temple is integral to the village’s spiritual landscape.

These temples not only serve as places of worship but also as centers for community gatherings and cultural events, reflecting the village’s strong religious and cultural fabric.​

For a visual glimpse into Kutri Village and its temples, you might find this video insightful:

Kutri Nawada Village Kali Mandir Bhumi Pujan

When is Required Temples in Kutri Village, Bihar, India?

Kutri Village in Bihar, India, is renowned for its vibrant spiritual and cultural life, with several temples serving as focal points for community worship and festivals. While specific dates for temple festivals in Kutri are not readily available, the village observes major Hindu festivals that are celebrated across Bihar.​

Major Festivals Celebrated in Kutri Village

1. Diwali (Deepavali)
   Celebrated in the Hindu lunisolar month of Kartika (October–November), Diwali marks the victory of light over darkness and good over evil. Temples in Kutri, including the Kali Mata Temple, are adorned with lights and decorations during this festival.
2. Chhath Puja
   Observed in the month of Kartika (October–November), Chhath Puja is dedicated to the Sun God and his wife Usha. Devotees gather near water bodies for rituals, and temples in Kutri play a central role in the celebrations.
3. Mahashivaratri
   Celebrated in the month of Phalguna (February–March), Mahashivaratri is dedicated to Lord Shiva. The Shivalaya temple in Kutri is a significant site for devotees during this festival.
4. Holi
   The festival of colors is celebrated in the month of Phalguna (March), marking the arrival of spring. Temples in Kutri are decorated, and community gatherings are held during this vibrant festival.
5. Rama Navami
   Observed in the month of Chaitra (March–April), Rama Navami celebrates the birth of Lord Rama. Kutri’s temples, especially those dedicated to Lord Rama, host special prayers and processions during this festival.

Temple-Specific Events

In 2021–2022, the inauguration of a new Kali Mata Temple in Kutri was a significant event. The Yagya Shala, a sacred space for performing fire rituals, was central to the temple’s consecration, highlighting the community’s involvement in religious and cultural activities. ​kutri.in+1kutri.in+1

For the most accurate and up-to-date information on temple festivals and events in Kutri Village, it is advisable to contact the local temple authorities or visit the village’s official website: kutri.in.

Where is Required Temples in Kutri Village, Bihar, India?

Kutri Village, located in the Warisaliganj Block of Nawada district in Bihar, India, is home to several prominent temples. Some of the key temples in the village include:

1. Kali Mata Temple
   This is a central place of worship dedicated to Maa Kali, located within the village. It serves as an important spiritual hub for the local community.
2. Shivalaya (Near High School)
   A temple devoted to Lord Shiva, located near the local high school in Kutri. It is a major site for Shiva worship and holds significance during various religious festivals.
3. Laxmi Narayan Temple
   Dedicated to Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi, this temple attracts many devotees and is an important religious site in the village.
4. Kutri Thakurwadi
   A sacred space dedicated to Lord Rama, located in the village, this temple is an integral part of the spiritual landscape of Kutri.

These temples are part of the rich religious and cultural fabric of Kutri Village, drawing visitors and worshippers from both the village and the surrounding areas.

How is Required Temples in Kutri Village, Bihar, India?

Kutri Village, located in the Warisaliganj Block of Nawada district in Bihar, India, is renowned for its rich spiritual heritage and is often referred to as a “village of temples.” The village is home to several significant Hindu temples, each reflecting the deep-rooted religious traditions of the region.​

Notable Temples in Kutri Village

1. Kali Mata Temple
   This temple is dedicated to Maa Kali, a revered deity in the village. It serves as a central place of worship and is integral to the spiritual life of the community.
2. Shivalaya (Near High School)
   A temple devoted to Lord Shiva, located near the local high school. It is a prominent site for devotees and plays a vital role in the village’s religious activities.
3. Laxmi Narayan Temple
   Dedicated to Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi, this temple is another significant religious site in Kutri, attracting worshippers from the village and surrounding areas.
4. Kutri Thakurwadi
   A sacred space dedicated to Lord Rama, this temple is integral to the village’s spiritual landscape.

These temples not only serve as places of worship but also as centers for community gatherings and cultural events, reflecting the village’s strong religious and cultural fabric.​

For a visual glimpse into Kutri Village and its temples, you might find this video insightful:

Kutri Nawada Village Kali Mandir Bhumi Pujan

Case Study on Temples in Kutri Village, Bihar, India?

Introduction:

Kutri Village, located in the Warisaliganj Block of Nawada District, Bihar, is known for its vibrant spiritual life and the numerous temples that dot its landscape. These temples play a central role in the cultural, religious, and social life of the village, serving as places of worship, community gathering, and cultural expression.

This case study focuses on the role and significance of the temples in Kutri Village, the community’s involvement in their upkeep, and how these sacred spaces contribute to the overall well-being of the village.

Key Temples in Kutri Village:

1. Kali Mata Temple
   Dedicated to Maa Kali, the Kali Mata Temple is one of the most significant religious sites in Kutri. It serves as the focal point for many of the village’s major religious festivals, including Navaratri and Durga Puja. The temple’s role is not just religious but also social, as it acts as a meeting point for the villagers to discuss matters of community importance.
2. Shivalaya Temple (Near High School)
   This temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, is located near the local high school. It is a vital site for worship during Mahashivaratri and is frequented by devotees year-round. The temple plays a role in fostering unity within the village, particularly during annual rituals and offerings to Lord Shiva.
3. Laxmi Narayan Temple
   Dedicated to Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi, the Laxmi Narayan Temple attracts devotees from within and outside the village. It is considered a place of prosperity and spiritual welfare. The temple hosts Diwali and Chhath Puja celebrations, which are attended by many devotees.
4. Kutri Thakurwadi
   Thakurwadi is a sacred area devoted to Lord Rama. This temple is integral to the cultural and spiritual life of the village, especially during Rama Navami, when special prayers, processions, and community celebrations are organized.

Role of Temples in the Community:

1. Spiritual Center
   The temples in Kutri Village act as centers of worship for the community, offering a space for spiritual reflection and devotion. They provide the villagers with a sense of connection to the divine, creating a space for peace and meditation.
2. Cultural and Social Hub
   The temples are not only places for prayer but also serve as community centers. Religious festivals such as Diwali, Chhath Puja, Holi, and Rama Navami bring together people from different walks of life. These festivals often include processions, community meals, and cultural performances, which help strengthen social ties.
3. Preservation of Tradition
   The temples in Kutri Village are key in preserving the region’s cultural traditions. The rituals, festivals, and customs followed at these temples have been passed down through generations, keeping alive the heritage of the village.
4. Charitable Functions
   Temples in Kutri are also involved in charitable activities. For instance, the Kali Mata Temple organizes food and clothing donations during festivals, benefiting the less fortunate in the village.
5. Tourism and Pilgrimage
   Kutri’s temples attract pilgrims and tourists from nearby regions. As a result, they contribute to the local economy, particularly during peak festival seasons when people from surrounding areas visit the temples for worship.

Challenges and Opportunities:

1. Preservation and Maintenance
   One of the challenges faced by the temples in Kutri is the need for proper maintenance and preservation of these ancient structures. Many temples, particularly the older ones, suffer from wear and tear due to lack of funds and resources for restoration. Opportunity:
   There is an opportunity for the village and government bodies to collaborate on preserving these cultural heritage sites. Funds could be raised through donations, temple trusts, or government grants aimed at preserving historical landmarks.
2. Community Involvement
   While the temples play a significant role in community life, there is a need for more organized efforts to engage the youth in the upkeep and management of the temples. Some temples, especially the newer ones, may lack the support of a dedicated management team. Opportunity:
   The youth of the village could be encouraged to take up roles in temple administration, helping to modernize the process and increase involvement. Workshops and training programs on temple management could be organized.
3. Integration with Rural Development
   The temples can play a role in rural development by encouraging sustainable tourism, promoting local crafts, and fostering economic activities like eco-tourism and agritourism, all while preserving the religious sanctity of the spaces. Opportunity:
   With proper management, the temples could become a key part of rural development. Local tourism initiatives could include temple tours, cultural festivals, and traditional performances, benefiting the local economy and providing job opportunities.

Conclusion:

The temples in Kutri Village are not just places of religious worship but are central to the village’s social, cultural, and economic life. They foster community spirit, preserve tradition, and contribute to local development. However, challenges related to preservation and management exist, and there are ample opportunities to enhance the role of these temples in the village’s future. By preserving their cultural significance and integrating them into broader development plans, the temples of Kutri Village can continue to thrive as vital centers of spiritual and community life.

White paper on Temples in Kutri Village, Bihar, India?

Executive Summary:

Kutri Village, located in the Warisaliganj Block of Nawada district, Bihar, is home to several significant temples, which have played an essential role in the cultural, social, and religious life of the community for generations. These temples, including the Kali Mata Temple, Shivalaya, Laxmi Narayan Temple, and Kutri Thakurwadi, not only serve as places of worship but also as community hubs that preserve and promote local traditions. This white paper aims to examine the historical, cultural, social, and economic roles of these temples, identify challenges in their maintenance and preservation, and explore opportunities for the future.

---

1. Introduction

Kutri Village is a small but historically rich village situated in the Warisaliganj Block of Nawada district in Bihar, India. Over the years, it has developed a reputation as a “village of temples,” with multiple sacred sites dedicated to various Hindu deities. The village’s spiritual landscape plays an important role in shaping its identity and fostering a sense of community.

This white paper will explore the temples of Kutri Village, examining their significance in the lives of the villagers and proposing recommendations for enhancing their role in rural development, tourism, and community well-being.

---

2. Significance of Temples in Kutri Village

2.1 Spiritual and Religious Importance

The temples in Kutri Village serve as essential centers of worship. They provide the villagers with a space to connect with their spirituality, seek blessings, and engage in regular religious practices. The major temples in the village are:

• Kali Mata Temple: Dedicated to Goddess Kali, this temple is one of the most revered in the village. It hosts major events like Navaratri and Durga Puja, attracting a significant number of devotees.
• Shivalaya Temple: Situated near the local high school, the Shivalaya Temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and plays a central role in the worship practices of the village, particularly during Mahashivaratri.
• Laxmi Narayan Temple: This temple honors Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi, and its festivals, especially Diwali, are celebrated with great devotion by the villagers.
• Kutri Thakurwadi: Dedicated to Lord Rama, this temple is important during Rama Navami, a major Hindu festival.

2.2 Cultural and Social Hub

Beyond religious practices, these temples also serve as cultural and social hubs for the community. Festivals are often the main times when the village gathers, with celebrations involving processions, cultural performances, and communal meals. These gatherings foster a sense of unity and belonging among the villagers.

• Community Activities: The temples host a range of community-oriented activities, such as free food distribution during festivals, educational programs, and cultural performances.
• Preservation of Traditions: Temples play a critical role in preserving local traditions, including dances, songs, rituals, and folk arts. These traditions are passed down through generations, helping to maintain the cultural heritage of the village.

2.3 Economic Role

Temples also have an economic significance for Kutri Village. Pilgrims and tourists often visit the temples, especially during major festivals, contributing to the local economy. The temples have the potential to boost eco-tourism and religious tourism, bringing in visitors from surrounding regions.

• Tourism and Pilgrimage: Kutri’s temples, particularly during festivals, attract pilgrims from the neighboring villages and towns, generating revenue through donations, food sales, and local craftsmanship.

---

3. Challenges in Temple Preservation

3.1 Physical Deterioration

Many of the temples in Kutri Village, especially the older ones, suffer from wear and tear due to weather conditions, lack of funds, and aging infrastructure. The structures require regular maintenance to prevent further damage, but financial resources for upkeep are often limited.

3.2 Lack of Organized Management

While the temples serve as community centers, there is often a lack of formal management structures to handle their maintenance, administration, and future planning. The absence of dedicated committees or trusts can lead to inefficiencies in organizing events, maintaining the facilities, and ensuring long-term sustainability.

3.3 Limited Resources for Development

Although the temples contribute to the social and cultural fabric of Kutri Village, there are limited resources dedicated to their development and promotion. Without investment in infrastructure, community programs, or educational outreach, the temples may struggle to maintain their relevance and impact in the future.

---

4. Opportunities for the Future

4.1 Temple Preservation and Restoration

To ensure that the temples are preserved for future generations, it is essential to invest in restoration and regular maintenance. A dedicated temple management committee could help oversee these efforts, and funds could be raised through:

• Government Grants: Local, state, or national government grants for religious and cultural preservation.
• Private Donations and Sponsorships: Funds could be raised from local businesses, affluent villagers, and the global diaspora.

4.2 Tourism Development

Kutri Village can leverage its temples to boost religious tourism and eco-tourism. Strategies could include:

• Temple Tours: Developing guided tours of the temples to educate visitors about the history and significance of each temple.
• Cultural Festivals: Organizing annual festivals and cultural events that attract tourists, thus supporting the local economy and promoting the village’s heritage.

4.3 Community Engagement

The active involvement of the youth and local volunteers in temple management and community activities could reinvigorate the temples. By modernizing some practices while respecting traditions, the temples can become more inclusive and relevant to younger generations.

4.4 Educational Programs

To ensure the preservation of traditions, educational programs focused on religious studies, temple management, and cultural heritage could be introduced. These programs could be offered to school children, university students, and the broader community.

---

5. Conclusion

The temples of Kutri Village are much more than places of worship; they are vital centers of cultural preservation, community bonding, and economic development. However, to secure their future, there is an urgent need to address the challenges they face. By focusing on preservation, community engagement, and tourism development, Kutri can ensure that these sacred spaces continue to thrive and benefit future generations.

Recommendations:

1. Establish a formal management system for the temples, including a temple trust or committee.
2. Secure funding for the restoration and maintenance of the temples, with support from both government and private donations.
3. Develop tourism and educational programs that promote the village’s religious and cultural heritage.
4. Encourage youth involvement in temple activities to ensure the continuity of traditions.

---

6. References:

1. Village History and Cultural Significance – kutri.in
2. Temples and Festivals in Bihar – Bihar Tourism Board
3. Government Policies on Cultural Heritage Preservation – Ministry of Culture, Government of India
4. Research on Rural Development through Religious Sites – Rural Development Studies, India

---

This white paper has explored the profound impact that the temples of Kutri Village have on its community and culture. Through strategic planning, Kutri’s temples can continue to serve as symbols of faith, tradition, and unity for generations to come.

Industrial Application of Temples in Kutri Village, Bihar, India?

Executive Summary:

The temples in Kutri Village, Bihar, serve not only as places of worship and community centers but also present significant opportunities for industrial development and economic growth. While traditionally religious, the temples can be leveraged to drive industries such as tourism, local crafts, and sustainable agriculture. This white paper explores the industrial applications of temples in Kutri Village, highlighting the potential benefits to local communities and industries. By integrating cultural heritage with modern economic strategies, the temples can become catalysts for sustainable development and rural economic growth.

---

1. Introduction

Kutri Village, located in the Warisaliganj Block of Nawada district in Bihar, is home to several important temples that have significant cultural and spiritual value. While these temples primarily serve religious purposes, they also hold the potential to be linked with industrial applications that can promote economic development, enhance tourism, and support local industries.

This paper aims to explore the industrial applications of the temples in Kutri Village by identifying potential opportunities for the growth of local industries, improving infrastructure, and fostering sustainable development through industrial partnerships.

---

2. Potential Industrial Applications

2.1 Tourism Industry Development

Kutri Village’s temples are already attracting pilgrims and tourists, particularly during religious festivals like Navaratri, Durga Puja, and Mahashivaratri. Leveraging this religious tourism can help create a sustainable tourism industry that benefits the local economy. Some key aspects include:

• Eco-Tourism: The natural surroundings and historic temples can be marketed as an eco-tourism destination. By creating guided tours and eco-friendly accommodations, Kutri can attract visitors who value sustainable tourism practices.
• Religious Tourism Infrastructure: Building additional infrastructure such as visitor centers, improved roads, parking facilities, and rest areas will create a more accessible and comfortable environment for tourists, encouraging longer stays and repeat visits.
• Cultural and Heritage Tourism: In addition to religious tourism, Kutri can market its temples as cultural heritage sites, offering visitors a glimpse into traditional rituals, local architecture, and folk arts. This can create a thriving local economy, generating revenue through ticket sales, merchandise, and food services.

2.2 Local Craftsmanship and Artisanal Industries

Kutri Village’s temples also present an opportunity for the promotion of local crafts and artisanal industries. Temples, particularly those with rich cultural traditions, often serve as hubs for artisans who create religious items and artwork. By promoting these crafts, Kutri can establish its own cottage industries focused on producing:

• Wooden Sculptures and Statues: Hand-carved wooden idols of Hindu deities, which are traditionally made for religious use, could be marketed to both domestic and international markets.
• Temple Decorations: Local artisans could focus on creating decorative materials like brass lamps, bells, and ornaments used in religious ceremonies.
• Handmade Textiles and Garments: The creation of religious garments, such as priestly robes and temple decorations, could be another avenue for local industrial development.

2.3 Agricultural and Organic Industries

The temples and their surrounding lands in Kutri can serve as models for sustainable agricultural practices. By integrating organic farming with temple activities, the village can develop agricultural businesses that support both the religious community and the local economy. Some potential applications include:

• Temple Orchards and Gardens: The land around the temples could be developed into organic orchards or gardens that produce fruits, flowers, and vegetables used in temple rituals. These products could be sold locally or packaged and sold to visitors.
• Organic Fertilizer Production: Utilizing temple waste (e.g., flower offerings) to create organic compost and fertilizers could contribute to the green industry and be sold to local farmers. This would provide an environmentally sustainable business while supporting the broader agricultural community.
• Eco-Friendly Packaging and Products: The temples could promote eco-friendly products such as biodegradable prasad containers, reducing the village’s reliance on plastic and contributing to the environmentally conscious consumer market.

2.4 Renewable Energy Solutions

Temples, with their high daily footfall, can also serve as catalysts for the development of renewable energy solutions in Kutri Village. The presence of large temple buildings and open spaces offers a unique opportunity for installing renewable energy systems, such as:

• Solar Power: Installing solar panels on temple rooftops and surrounding areas to generate electricity can reduce the village’s dependence on conventional power sources. The energy generated could be used for lighting, water heating, and powering nearby facilities.
• Biogas Plants: Utilizing temple waste, such as food offerings and other organic materials, to generate biogas can provide clean energy for local cooking and lighting needs. The byproducts of the biogas plant could be used as compost for agricultural purposes.
• Wind Energy: Given Kutri’s rural setting, the installation of wind turbines could also be explored, especially if there are favorable wind conditions in the region.

2.5 Health and Wellness Industry

Kutri Village’s temples have the potential to be integrated into the growing health and wellness industry. Temples can become spiritual wellness centers where visitors can experience physical and mental rejuvenation. Some opportunities include:

• Ayurvedic Healing Centers: Based on ancient Indian traditions, Kutri could develop Ayurvedic healing centers that focus on holistic health and wellness, including herbal treatments, yoga, and meditation.
• Wellness Retreats: With its serene environment, Kutri Village could host wellness retreats that offer visitors an opportunity to reconnect with their spiritual self through temple-based rituals, yoga sessions, and peaceful surroundings.
• Community Health Programs: The temples could collaborate with local health organizations to offer health camps and vaccination drives for villagers, improving public health standards while fostering a community-centered approach.

---

3. Challenges in Implementing Industrial Applications

3.1 Lack of Infrastructure

While Kutri Village’s temples hold great potential, there is a need for infrastructure development to support the industrial applications mentioned above. This includes improved roads, tourist accommodations, power supply, water resources, and waste management systems.

3.2 Resource Limitations

The village’s limited resources and funding for industrial development could make it difficult to implement large-scale projects. External investments, government subsidies, and partnerships with private companies may be necessary.

3.3 Cultural Sensitivity

Balancing industrial development with the cultural and religious importance of the temples is crucial. Efforts must be made to preserve the sanctity of the temples while promoting industrial growth, ensuring that community traditions are not compromised in the pursuit of economic progress.

---

4. Conclusion and Recommendations

The temples in Kutri Village, Bihar, present numerous opportunities for industrial growth that can benefit the local economy, promote sustainable development, and create a model for rural economic transformation. By tapping into sectors like tourism, craftsmanship, agriculture, renewable energy, and health and wellness, the temples can serve as catalysts for industrial innovation and rural development.

Recommendations:

1. Infrastructure Development: Improve transportation, accommodations, and facilities around the temples to attract more visitors and facilitate tourism.
2. Promotion of Local Crafts: Support local artisans by providing resources for the creation and marketing of temple-related products.
3. Integration of Sustainable Agricultural Practices: Promote organic farming around the temples, using waste products to create eco-friendly solutions.
4. Renewable Energy Projects: Implement solar and biogas energy solutions in temples to promote clean energy.
5. Health and Wellness Programs: Develop wellness retreats and Ayurvedic healing centers that integrate spirituality with physical well-being.

By embracing these industrial applications, Kutri Village can preserve its cultural heritage while fostering long-term economic and social development.

---

This paper provides a comprehensive view of the industrial applications of temples in Kutri Village, demonstrating the potential for sustainable development through a fusion of tradition and modern industry.

References

1. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Nawada District Census Handbook Page No. 3 for Population and Page No. 76 for Village Code” (PDF).
2. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Postal Code (PIN) and STD Code”.
3. ^ “Details of Blocks and Villages of Nawada District”.
4. ^ “Panchayat and Village Details of Nawada” (PDF).
5. ^ Frawley, William (May 2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set By William Frawley. ISBN 9780195139778.
6. ^ “Station: Patna Climatological Table 1981–2010” (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 601–602. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
7. ^ “Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)” (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
8. ^ “Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India” (PDF). Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
9. ^ “Higher Secondary School List SL. No. 64”.
10. Porwal, Vikas (22 March 2022). “Bihar Diwas State Anthem: क्या है बिहार का राज्यगीत, यहां जानिए इसकी दिलचस्प कहानी”. Zee News (in Hindi). Retrieved 27 September 2024.
11. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Anshuman, Kuamr (3 October 2023). “OBCs and EBCs are 63% of Bihar’s population: Socio-economic caste survey”. Economic Times. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
12. ^ Negi, Manjeet (24 December 2024). “Ex-bureaucrat Ajay Bhalla appointed Manipur Governor, Arif Khan moved to Bihar”. India Today. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
13. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Bihar Location – Geographical Location Bihar India”. www.bharatonline.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
14. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “State Profile”. Government of Bihar. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
15. ^ Mandal, R. B. (2010). Wetlands Management in North Bihar. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-707-4. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
16. ^ “Bihar Profile” (PDF). census.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
17. ^ “Bihar Budget Analysis 2024-25”.
18. ^ “Sub-national HDI – Area Database”. Global Data Lab. Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
19. ^ https://www.thehinducentre.com/resources/article30980071.ece/binary/KI_Education_75th_Final_compressed.pdf#page=68
20. ^ “Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey Phase I (2019-2020)” (PDF). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India. 10 December 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
21. ^ Jha, Ramanath (19 July 2022). “Speeding up Bihar’s urbanisation”. ORF. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
22. ^ “Table 24: gross state domestic product” (PDF). National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2022 – via Reserve Bank of India.
23. ^ “Population Projections For India And States 2011 – 2036” (PDF). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. July 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2022.
24. ^ Dutt, Ashok K. “Jharkhand”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
25. ^ Jump up to:^a b Subhash, Pathak (26 December 2020). “Bihar cabinet approves 111 new urban bodies, 5 more municipal corporations”. Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
26. ^ Guruswamy, Mohan; Kaul, Abhishek (15 December 2003). “The Economic Strangulation of Bihar” (PDF). New Delhi, India: Centre for Policy Alternatives. p. 2. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
27. ^ Bihar, Past & Present: souvenir, 13th Annual Congress of Epigraphica by P. N. Ojha, Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute
28. ^ Visaria, Anish. “Bhagwan Parshvanath”. JaineLibrary. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
29. ^ Visaria, Anish. “Janism and Vegetarianism”. JaineLibrary. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
30. ^ Visaria, Anish. “Kalpa Suta”. JaineLibrary. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
31. ^ Lopez, Donald (2014). “Magadha”. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3.
32. ^ “The History of Bihar”. Bihar Government. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
33. ^ Mandal, R. B. (2010). Wetlands Management in North Bihar. Concept Publishing Company. p. 87. ISBN 9788180697074. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
34. ^ Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (1998). Small States Syndrome in India. Concept Publishing Company. p. 146. ISBN 9788170226918. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
35. ^
    • “Bihar’s ‘first’ Economic Survey Report tabled”. The Times of India. 7 March 2007. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2008.
    • Bal Thackeray (5 March 2008). “Biharis an unwanted lot”. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
    • Wajihuddin, Mohammed (10 August 2008). “‘Bihari’ has become an abuse”. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
36. ^ Das, Arvind N. (1992). The Republic of Bihar. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-012351-7.
37. ^ Jump up to:^a b Goswami, Urmi A (16 February 2005). “‘Bihar Needs an Icon, a person who stands above his caste’ (Dr Shaibal Gupta – Rediff Interview)”. Rediff. Archived from the original on 20 February 2005. Retrieved 16 February 2005.
38. ^
    • Guruswamy, Mohan; Baitha, Ramnis Attar; Mohanty, Jeevan Prakash (15 June 2004). “Centrally Planned Inequality: The Tale of Two States – Punjab and Bihar” (PDF). New Delhi, India: Centre for Policy Alternatives. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
    • Guruswamy, Mohan; Mohanty, Jeevan Prakash (15 February 2004). “The De-urbanisation of Bihar” (PDF). New Delhi, India: Centre for Policy Alternatives. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
39. ^
    • Ahmed Farzand and Mishra Subhash, Leaders of Bihar unite to counter Raj Thackeray, India Today, 31 October 2008
    • Gupta, Shaibal. “Bihar: Identity and Development”. Asian Development Research Institute, Patna. Archived from the original on 30 March 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2006.
40. ^ Phadnis, Aditi (26 July 2008). “Lalu in the red”. Business Standard. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
41. ^ Goswami, Urmi A (17 June 2008). “Biharis get work at home, bashers realise their worth”. The Economic Times. India. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
42. ^
    • Dharma, Supriya; Jha, Abhay Mohan (15 July 2008). “Bihar witnesses a quiet transformation”. NDTV. Archived from the original on 18 July 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
    • Jha, Abhay Mohan (8 March 2008). “English makes inroads in Bihar villages”. NDTV. Archived from the original on 9 March 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
43. ^ Kumar, Swargesh (2012). Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect. Concept Publishing Company. p. 101. ISBN 9788180697999. The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit word Vihār (Devanagari) which means “abode”.
44. ^ Sarao, Karam Tej. “Vihāra”.
45. ^ Nikalje, Sujit (June 2013). “Appraising Buddha Viharas from a Historical Perspective”. IJDTSA. 1 (1): 2–3 – via TICI.
46. ^ “BIHAR: A QUICK GUIDE TO SARAN”. Outlook. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
47. ^ “Oldest hamlet faces extinction threat”. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
48. ^ Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 17 116–124, 141–143
49. ^ Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 141–143
50. ^ Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris
51. ^ Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp. 85–86
52. ^ Bronkhorst, Johannes (14 February 2011). Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism. BRILL. p. 12. ISBN 978-90-04-20140-8.
53. ^ Panth, Rabindra (2007). India’s Perception Through Chinese Travellers. Nava Nalanda Mahavihara. p. 61. ISBN 9788188242122. Archived from the original on 12 November 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
54. ^ A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, by Fa-hsien (chapter27)
55. ^ “The Gupta Period of India”. Ushistory.org. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
56. ^ Ali, A. Yusuf (1925). The Making of India. A. & C. Black. p. 60.
57. ^ The Cambridge Shorter History of India, p. 145
58. ^ The Maha-Bodhi By Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 8)
59. ^ Smith V. A., Early history of India
60. ^ Elliot, History of India, Vol 4
61. ^ Scott, David (May 1995). “Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons”. Numen. 42 (2): 141–155. doi:10.1163/1568527952598657. ISSN 0029-5973. JSTOR 3270172.
62. ^ Jha, D. N. (9 July 2014). “Grist to the reactionary mill”. The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
63. ^ Chakrabarty, Dilip (2010). The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-0-19-908832-4.
64. ^ Mandal, R. B. (2010). Wetlands management in North Bihar. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788180697074. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
65. ^ Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. ISBN 9788175330344. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
66. ^ Prasad Sinha, Bindeshwari (1974). Comprehensive History of Bihar, Volume 1, Part 2. KP Jayaswal Research Institute. pp. 375–403.
67. ^ “Early Agro based Industries”. Bihargatha. 2011. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
68. ^ Brown, Judith Margaret (1972). Gandhi’s Rise to Power, Indian Politics 1915–1922: Indian Politics 1915–1922. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-521-09873-1. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
69. ^ “Eminent Gandhian Dr A N Sinha, First Bihar Deputy CM cum Finance Minister”. Indian Post. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
70. ^ Bandyopādhyāya, Śekhara (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Longman. pp. 406–407. ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2.
71. ^ Kumod Verma (14 February 2008). “Scared Biharis arrive from Mumbai”. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
72. ^ Hussain, Wasbir (11 August 2007). “30 Killed in Northeast Violence in India”. Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2006.
73. ^ Subrata Kumar Mitra; Harihar Bhattacharyya (2018). Politics And Governance In Indian States Bihar, West Bengal And Tripura. World Scientific. pp. 198–200. ISBN 978-9813208247. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.Zamindari abolition was not immediately followed by land reforms measures, as Bhumihars and Rajputs, the landowning classes dominant in the Congress, became suspicious. K B Sahay, the main architect of the land reforms, had to restrain the efforts.This worsened the conditions of non-occupancy tenants. Fixation of ceiling and distribution of surplus land could not be imple mented effectively as these laws had a number of conciliatory provisions and the landowners could keep the land under various other categories in excess of the stipulated area. Thus, the illegal distribution of land, absentee landlordism and the system of sharecropping or bataidari on unfavorable terms, lack of employment in other sectors, absence of modernization of agri culture, lack of adequate irrigation facilities and power etc. led to brewing of discontent to an unimaginable extent. This provided the naxals a fertile ground for fighting on behalf of the poor peasants and organizing them.
74. ^ Sinha, Arun (1978). “Class War in Bhojpur: I”. Economic and Political Weekly. 13 (1): 10–11. JSTOR 4366262. He tried to make the poor aware of their condition through a newspaper, but was balked by lack of money and response. He tried democratic protest through the torchlight procession but nothing came of it.Ever since he joined the school, the Master had been going to Ekwari, his village, on leave. As he suffered from chronic dysentery, nobody in the school suspected how the science teacher was using his leave. Towards the end of 1969, his absences on leave became more frequent. That year mysterious’ incidents started occurring at Ekwari. Some day a haystack in a landlord’s barn would be set on fire, another day someone’s crops would be found cut. Reports of these incidents had started reaching Arrah. Soon after the Master applied for three months’ leave and never returned.
75. ^ Kumar, Ashwani (2008). Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar. Anthem Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-84331-709-8.
76. ^ Ranabir Samaddar (3 March 2016). “Bihar 1990-2011”. Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace. Routledge, 2016. pp. 201–205. ISBN 978-1317125372. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
77. ^ Ranabir Samaddar (3 March 2016). Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace. Routledge, 2016. p. 182. ISBN 978-1317125389. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
78. ^ Santosh Singh (2020). JP to BJP: Bihar after Lalu and Nitish. SAGE Publishing India. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-9353886660. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
79. ^ “Climate of Bihar” (PDF). Climatological Summaries of States. No. 18. India Meteorological Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
80. ^ “Bihar | History, Map, Population, Government, & Facts”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
81. ^ by (20 December 2017). “Geographical location of Bihar”. Bihar PSC Exam Notes. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
82. ^ “Geographical Structure of Bihar: Geology | Physiology | Plain |Plateau”. Jagranjosh.com. 10 December 2020. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
83. ^ “State Profile”. Gov. of India. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011.
84. ^ “imdpune.gov.in/” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2020.
85. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “पर्यावरण एवं वन विभाग”. forest.bih.nic.in. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
86. ^ “Forest in Bihar”. Forest Ministry of Bihar. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
87. ^ “VALMIKI”. 27 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 May 2004. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
88. ^ Mishra, Prasun K (6 January 2019). “Bihar’s first crocodile conservation reserve near Karkatgarh soon”. Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
89. ^ Mishra, B. K. (20 October 2021). “Mineral exploration to boost Bihar’s economy: Janak Ram”. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
90. ^ Saha, Pritam (29 May 2022). “‘Ants’ give whereabouts of 230 MM tons gold mine in Jamui! Bihar on lookout”. Zee News. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
91. ^ PTI (28 May 2022). “Bihar govt allows exploration of ‘country’s largest’ gold reserve”. Business Standard. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
92. ^ “Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901” (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
93. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Bihar caste survey data out: What it says”. The Indian Express. 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
94. ^ Jump up to:^a b “MOHFW NFHS-5 Survey” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
95. ^ “Urban and Rural Population of India 2011”. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
96. ^ “NSC Report 2017” (PDF).
97. ^ “Time of India Literacy rate of bihar in 2023”. The Times of India. 8 November 2023.
98. ^ “Population by religion community – 2011”. Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
99. ^ “Census GIS HouseHold”. Censusindiamaps.net. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2009.^{[permanent dead link]}
100. ^ Jump up to:^a b “C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Bihar”. Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
101. ^ “The Bihar Official Language Act, 1950” (PDF). Cabinet Secretariat Department, Government of Bihar. 1950. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
102. ^ Benedikter, Thomas (2009). Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India. Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 89. ISBN 978-3-643-10231-7. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
103. ^ Chitransh, Anugya (1 September 2012). “Bhojpuri is not the only language in Bihar”. Hill Post. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
104. ^ Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, eds. (11 September 2003). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Routledge. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5. …the number of speakers of Bihari languages are difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of lack of awareness. The uneducated and the urban population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language.
105. ^ “Constitutional provisions relating to Eighth Schedule” (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
106. ^ “लोकसभा में उठी मगही, भोजपुरी को आठवीं अनुसूची में शामिल करने की मां” [Demand for including Bhojpuri in the Eighth Schedule]. Firstpost (in Hindi). 22 March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
107. ^ “Bihar Civic elections likely in May 2017”. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
108. ^ Pandey, Ashutosh Kumar (20 March 2017). “बिहार : नगर विकास एवं आवास विभाग की पहल, पुनर्गठन से नगर परिषदों की बढ़ जायेगी संख्या” [Bihar: Initiatives of the Department of Urban Development and Housing, will increase the number of city councils by restructuring]. Prabhat Khabar (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
109. ^ “पहली बार कोई महिला बनेगी पटना नगर निगम की मेयर” [For the first time, a woman will become the mayor of Patna Municipal Corporation]. 11 March 2017. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
110. ^ “Ward delimitation begins in Chhapra”. The Times of India. 23 February 2017. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
111. ^ “छपरा को निगम बख्तियारपुर को मिला नगर परिषद का दर्जा”. Dainik Bhaskar. 14 February 2017. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
112. ^ “6 पंचायतों को मिलाकर बनाया गया सहरसा नगर निगम, ये रहे बिहार के सभी 19 नगर निगमों के नाम”. Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
113. ^ “बिहार को सहरसा के रूप में मिला एक और नगर निगम, 6 नगर पंचायतों को नगर परिषद का दर्जा”. News18 हिंदी (in Hindi). 29 December 2021. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
114. ^ “Official Website :: Home Page”. darbhangadivision.bih.nic.in. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
115. ^ “Official Website :: Home Page”. 6 March 2019. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2020.