Unfortunately, pinpointing specific “types” of a “Kutri Village Disinfection office” is difficult without very localized information. However, I can discuss the general types of disinfection activities and related organizational structures that might exist in a village setting, which could be what you’re looking for. These can be categorized by the focus of the disinfection efforts:
- Public Space Disinfection:
- This involves disinfecting common areas like:
- Roads and pathways.
- Public gathering places (community centers, markets).
- Sanitation facilities (public toilets).
- This type of disinfection is often handled by local municipal workers or sanitation departments.
- This involves disinfecting common areas like:
- Water Source Disinfection:
- This is crucial for preventing waterborne diseases and involves:
- Disinfecting wells, boreholes, and other water sources.
- Treating water with chlorine or other disinfectants.
- This may be managed by water supply departments or public health officials.
- This is crucial for preventing waterborne diseases and involves:
- Disease Outbreak Disinfection:
- In the event of an infectious disease outbreak, disinfection efforts may focus on:
- Homes and areas where infected individuals have been.
- Hospitals and clinics.
- This would involve coordinated efforts between health departments and local authorities.
- In the event of an infectious disease outbreak, disinfection efforts may focus on:
- General Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion:
- This involves educating residents on proper hygiene practices, such as:
- Handwashing.
- Proper waste disposal.
- This is often done through community health workers or public awareness campaigns.
- This involves educating residents on proper hygiene practices, such as:
It is important to understand that in many village settings these functions may be carried out by existing local government offices, or by health workers that visit the village, rather than a dedicated “disinfection office”.
To find the most accurate information regarding the Kutri Village area, it would be best to contact local governmental offices within that area.
What is Required Kutri Village Disinfection office
Unfortunately, finding specific information about a “Kutri Village Disinfection office” is difficult without more context. General information about village disinfection practices can be provided, though. Here’s what I can offer:
- Village Disinfection:
- Disinfection in villages is often crucial for public health, especially in situations involving disease outbreaks, sanitation issues, or natural disasters.
- Common disinfection practices might include:
- Spraying disinfectants in public areas.
- Cleaning and disinfecting water sources.
- Promoting hygiene practices among residents.
- These activities are often carried out by local government bodies, health departments, or community organizations.
- Factors influencing the need for a disinfection office:
- The need for a dedicated “disinfection office” would likely depend on factors such as:
- The size of the village.
- The prevalence of public health issues.
- The resources available to the local government.
- The need for a dedicated “disinfection office” would likely depend on factors such as:
- General Disinfection Importance:
- Disinfection is an important part of public health, especially in densely populated areas like villages.
- It helps to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
If you are looking for specific information regarding a office in that specific location, it would be best to try to contact local governmental offices within that area.
Who is Required Kutri Village Disinfection office
Unfortunately, with the information available, I cannot give you a definitive answer about a specific “Kutri Village Disinfection office.” However, I can explain who would typically be involved in disinfection efforts in a village setting, and therefore who would be “required” to handle those duties:
- Local Government/Village Panchayat:
- These are the primary authorities responsible for public health and sanitation within a village. They would likely oversee and coordinate disinfection activities.
- They may employ sanitation workers or contract with external services.
- Public Health Officials:
- Regional or district health departments often play a role in disease control and prevention.
- They may provide guidance, resources, and personnel for disinfection efforts, especially during outbreaks.
- Community Health Workers:
- These individuals are often involved in educating residents about hygiene practices and assisting with disinfection activities.
- They play a vital role in reaching remote or underserved populations.
- Volunteers/Community Organizations:
- During emergencies or outbreaks, community members may volunteer to assist with disinfection efforts.
- Local organizations may also mobilize resources and volunteers.
Therefore, rather than a single, stand-alone “disinfection office,” the responsibility for disinfection would likely be shared among these groups.
To find more specific information about disinfection practices in Kutri Village, I would recommend:
- Contacting the local Village Panchayat office.
- Reaching out to the district health department.
When is Required Kutri Village Disinfection office

Here’s a breakdown of when disinfection efforts are typically required, which helps to understand “when” a “Kutri Village Disinfection office” (or the functions it represents) would be necessary:
- During Disease Outbreaks:
- This is the most critical time. Outbreaks of infectious diseases like cholera, dengue, or viral infections necessitate immediate and widespread disinfection to curb the spread.
- Therefore, a coordinated disinfection effort is essential during these times.
- During and After Natural Disasters:
- Floods, cyclones, and other disasters can contaminate water sources and create unsanitary conditions, leading to disease outbreaks.
- Post-disaster disinfection is crucial for public health.
- Regular Public Health Maintenance:
- Even without outbreaks, regular disinfection of public spaces, water sources, and sanitation facilities is essential for ongoing public health.
- This is a continuous need, not just an occasional one.
- Seasonal Increases in Disease:
- Certain diseases, like malaria or dengue, have seasonal peaks. Disinfection efforts may need to be intensified during these periods.
- Preventative Measures:
- Proactive disinfection of public spaces, and water sources is always a good idea, to prevent the spread of illness.
In essence, while the intensity of disinfection efforts may vary, the need for them is ongoing. Therefore, the functions of a “disinfection office” are required on a consistent basis, with increased urgency during emergencies.
Where is Required Kutri Village Disinfection office
Unfortunately, pinpointing the precise location of a specific “Kutri Village Disinfection office” is very difficult without highly localized information. However, I can give you the general areas and entities where such disinfection activities would typically be based:
- Local Village Panchayat Office:
- The village panchayat is the local governing body. Disinfection efforts are often coordinated from or based within this office.
- Therefore, if any coordinated effort exists, that would be the most likely location.
- Primary Health Centers (PHCs):
- PHCs are government-run health facilities that provide basic healthcare services in rural areas.
- During outbreaks or for regular health maintenance, disinfection activities may be organized from these centers.
- Municipal or District Health Offices:
- For larger-scale disinfection efforts, especially during outbreaks, resources and personnel may be deployed from municipal or district health offices.
- Those offices would be located in the larger towns surrounding the village.
- Within the Community:
- In some cases, disinfection may be carried out by community health workers or volunteers who reside within the village itself.
Essentially, the “location” of disinfection efforts can vary depending on the scale and nature of the activity. It’s likely that the coordination would come from the local governing body, or the local health facilities.
To get the most precise location information, I would recommend:
- Contacting the Kutri Village Panchayat office directly.
- Reaching out to the local district health office.
How is Required Kutri Village Disinfection office

When considering “how” disinfection is carried out in a village setting like Kutri, it’s important to understand that the methods can vary significantly based on available resources and the specific disinfection needs. Here’s a breakdown of common approaches:
1. Water Disinfection:
- Chlorination:
- This is a prevalent method. Chlorine, in the form of tablets, liquid, or powder (like bleaching powder), is added to water sources to kill harmful microorganisms.
- This can be done at centralized water tanks or at individual wells.
- Boiling:
- A simple and effective household method, boiling water for a specific duration eliminates many pathogens.
- Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS):
- This low-cost method involves filling transparent containers with water and exposing them to sunlight, using UV radiation to disinfect.
- Filtration:
- Using filters (like ceramic filters or sand filters) to remove particulate matter and some microorganisms.
2. Environmental Disinfection:
- Spraying Disinfectants:
- Public spaces, sanitation facilities, and areas affected by outbreaks may be sprayed with chemical disinfectants.
- Sanitation Practices:
- Promoting proper waste disposal, cleaning public toilets, and maintaining general hygiene are crucial disinfection measures.
3. Implementation:
- Local Government Involvement:
- Village Panchayats and municipal authorities often organize and oversee disinfection efforts.
- They may employ sanitation workers or contract with external services.
- Health Worker Education:
- Community health workers play a vital role in educating residents about hygiene and disinfection practices.
- Community Participation:
- During outbreaks or emergencies, community members may volunteer to assist with disinfection.
Key Considerations:
- The availability of resources (chemicals, equipment, personnel) significantly influences the methods used.
- Education and awareness are crucial for ensuring proper disinfection practices.
- Sustainable and cost-effective methods are essential for long-term public health.
Therefore, the “how” of disinfection in Kutri Village would involve a combination of these methods, adapted to the local context.
Case Study on Kutri Village Disinfection office
Unfortunately, finding a specific, formal “case study” on a “Kutri Village Disinfection office” is highly unlikely. Detailed, published case studies of that level of specificity are rare for individual village-level operations.
However, I can construct a hypothetical case study framework based on the general information and common practices of village disinfection, which can illustrate the challenges and solutions involved.
Hypothetical Case Study: Disinfection and Public Health in Kutri Village
Context:
- Kutri Village is a rural community with limited resources.
- The village relies on a combination of wells and a small, communal water tank for its water supply.
- Seasonal outbreaks of gastrointestinal illnesses are a recurring problem, particularly during the monsoon season.
- The village panchayat is responsible for public health, but has limited funding.
Problem:
- Contamination of water sources due to inadequate sanitation and seasonal flooding leads to frequent outbreaks of diarrheal diseases.
- Lack of awareness about proper hygiene practices contributes to the problem.
- The village panchayat struggles to implement effective disinfection measures due to resource constraints.
Intervention:
- The village panchayat, in collaboration with the district health department, implements a multi-pronged approach:
- Water Disinfection:
- Regular chlorination of the communal water tank.
- Distribution of chlorine tablets to households for well water disinfection.
- Education campaigns on safe water storage and handling.
- Environmental Sanitation:
- Regular cleaning of public sanitation facilities.
- Implementation of a waste management system.
- Spraying of disinfectant in high-risk areas during the monsoon season.
- Hygiene Promotion:
- Community health workers conduct workshops on handwashing and food hygiene.
- Public awareness campaigns using posters and local communication channels.
- Water Disinfection:
Outcomes:
- A significant reduction in the incidence of diarrheal diseases during the following monsoon season.
- Improved hygiene practices among village residents.
- Increased awareness of the importance of disinfection and sanitation.
- Increased cooperation between the village panchayat, and the district health offices.
Lessons Learned:
- A comprehensive approach that combines water disinfection, environmental sanitation, and hygiene promotion is essential for effective disease prevention.
- Community participation and awareness are crucial for the success of public health interventions.
- Collaboration between local government and health authorities is vital for resource mobilization and technical support.
Limitations:
- This is a hypothetical case study and may not reflect the specific realities of Kutri Village.
- The long-term sustainability of the interventions depends on continued funding and community engagement.
This hypothetical case study provides a framework for understanding the challenges and solutions involved in village disinfection. In reality, the specifics would vary greatly depending on local conditions.
White paper on Kutri Village Disinfection office
Unfortunately, creating a formal “white paper” with extensive research and data specifically for a “Kutri Village Disinfection office” is beyond my current capabilities. White papers typically involve in-depth research, data analysis, and specific recommendations, which would require on-site investigation and data collection.
However, I can provide you with a structured outline and key considerations for a potential white paper on this topic. This framework can serve as a guide if you or someone else intends to conduct further research and develop a comprehensive white paper.
White Paper Outline: Enhancing Disinfection and Public Health in Kutri Village
1. Executive Summary:
- Brief overview of the challenges and opportunities related to disinfection and public health in Kutri Village.
- Key recommendations for improving disinfection practices and public health outcomes.
2. Introduction:
- Background information on Kutri Village, including its demographics, geography, and socioeconomic conditions.
- Statement of the problem: The need for effective disinfection practices to prevent disease outbreaks and improve public health.
- Purpose and scope of the white paper.
3. Current Situation Analysis:
- Assessment of existing disinfection practices in the village.
- Identification of key challenges:
- Water source contamination.
- Inadequate sanitation facilities.
- Lack of awareness about hygiene practices.
- Resource constraints (funding, equipment, personnel).
- Analysis of past disease outbreaks and their impact on the village.
- Evaluation of the current role of the Village Panchayat and health authorities in disinfection efforts.
4. Recommended Strategies and Interventions:
- Water Disinfection:
- Implementation of sustainable water treatment methods (chlorination, filtration, SODIS).
- Establishment of regular water quality monitoring.
- Community education on safe water storage and handling.
- Environmental Sanitation:
- Improvement of waste management systems.
- Construction and maintenance of public sanitation facilities.
- Regular disinfection of public spaces.
- Hygiene Promotion:
- Development of targeted hygiene education programs.
- Utilization of local communication channels to raise awareness.
- Training of community health workers.
- Institutional Strengthening:
- Enhancing the capacity of the Village Panchayat to manage disinfection efforts.
- Strengthening collaboration between the Village Panchayat and health authorities.
- Exploring opportunities for partnerships with NGOs and other organizations.
- Resource Mobilization:
- Identifying potential sources of funding for disinfection initiatives.
- Exploring cost-effective and sustainable solutions.
5. Implementation Plan:
- Detailed timeline for implementing recommended strategies.
- Assignment of responsibilities to key stakeholders.
- Monitoring and evaluation framework to track progress.
6. Conclusion:
- Summary of key recommendations and their potential impact.
- Emphasis on the importance of sustained efforts to improve disinfection and public health in Kutri Village.
7. Appendices:
- Relevant data and statistics.
- List of resources and references.
Key Considerations:
- Community Participation: Engaging the village residents in all stages of the process is crucial.
- Sustainability: Implementing solutions that are environmentally and economically sustainable is essential.
- Cultural Sensitivity: Tailoring interventions to the local culture and customs is important.
By using this outline, and gathering local information, it would be possible to create a very useful white paper.
Industrial Application of Kutri Village Disinfection office
While “Kutri Village Disinfection office” suggests a focus on local, community-level sanitation, the principles of disinfection are universally applicable, including in industrial settings. Here’s how disinfection concepts are applied in industrial contexts:
Key Industrial Applications:
- Water Treatment:
- Industries rely heavily on water for various processes (cooling, cleaning, production). Disinfection is crucial to ensure water quality and prevent contamination.
- This includes:
- Treating wastewater before discharge to meet environmental regulations.
- Disinfecting water used in food and beverage production to prevent product contamination.
- Maintaining clean cooling tower water to prevent bacterial growth (like Legionella).
- Food and Beverage Industry:
- Strict hygiene and disinfection protocols are essential to prevent foodborne illnesses.
- This involves:
- Disinfecting processing equipment, surfaces, and packaging materials.
- Implementing sanitation procedures for personnel.
- Maintaining clean environments in production and storage areas.
- Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Industries:
- Sterilization and disinfection are critical to prevent contamination of pharmaceuticals and medical devices.
- This includes:
- Sterilizing equipment and facilities used in drug manufacturing.
- Disinfecting hospital environments to prevent healthcare-associated infections.
- Ensuring the sterility of medical devices.
- Manufacturing and Industrial Facilities:
- Disinfection is used to maintain clean and safe working environments.
- This includes:
- Disinfecting surfaces and equipment to prevent the spread of pathogens.
- Implementing air filtration and disinfection systems.
- Managing waste disposal to prevent contamination.
- Agriculture and Livestock:
- Disinfection is used to prevent the spread of diseases among livestock and crops.
- This includes:
- Disinfecting animal housing and equipment.
- Treating water used in irrigation.
- Implementing biosecurity measures to prevent disease outbreaks.
Industrial Disinfection Methods:
- Chemical Disinfection:
- Using chlorine, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and other chemicals to kill microorganisms.
- UV Radiation:
- Using ultraviolet light to disrupt the DNA of microorganisms.
- Heat Sterilization:
- Using high temperatures to kill microorganisms.
- Filtration:
- Using filters to remove microorganisms from liquids and gases.
Therefore, although the scale and specific methods will vary greatly, the underlying principals of disinfection are vital to many industrial processes.
References
[edit]
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Nawada District Census Handbook Page No. 3 for Population and Page No. 76 for Village Code” (PDF).
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Postal Code (PIN) and STD Code”.
- ^ “Details of Blocks and Villages of Nawada District”.
- ^ “Panchayat and Village Details of Nawada” (PDF).
- ^ Frawley, William (May 2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set By William Frawley. ISBN 9780195139778.
- ^ “Station: Patna Climatological Table 1981–2010” (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 601–602. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ “Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)” (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ “Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India” (PDF). Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ “Higher Secondary School List SL. No. 64”.
- “What is a Hamlet?”. Cultural World. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ “Difference Between Hamlet and Village”. Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ “Village”. education.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
- ^ “Definition of VILLAGE”. www.merriam-webster.com. 31 August 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Dr Greg Stevenson, “What is a Village?” Archived 23 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Exploring British Villages, BBC, 2006, accessed 20 October 2009
- ^ Room 1996, p. 25.
- ^ “village”, Wiktionary, the free dictionary, 9 July 2024, retrieved 12 July 2024
- ^ “A dictionary of the Puk’hto, Pus’hto, or language of the Afghans”. dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ “A dictionary of the Puk’hto, Pus’hto, or language of the Afghans”. dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ “A dictionary of the Puk’hto, Pus’hto, or language of the Afghans”. dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ R.K. Bhatnagar. India’s Membership of Iter Project Archived 1 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Press Information Bureau. Government of India, Bangalore
- ^ “Indian Census”. Censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
- ^ https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder
- ^ Zaidi, S. Akbar (29 August 2017). “Rethinking urban and rural”. Dawn.
- ^ Mughal, M. A. Z. (2018). “Exchange Relations and Social Change in Rural Pakistan: Rituals and Ceremonies of Childbirth, Marriage and Death”. South Asia Research. 38 (2): 177–194. doi:10.1177/0262728018768137. S2CID 149640822.
- ^ Қазақ тілі термиңдерінің салалық ғылыми түсіндірме сөздігі: География және геодезия. — Алматы: “Мектеп” баспасы, 2007. — 264 бет. ISBN 9965-36-367-6
- ^ “History of stat.kz”. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014..
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Tutong District” (PDF). www.information.gov.bn. pp. 7–9. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
- ^ “Region2-city | Brunei Postcode”. brn.postcodebase.com. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
- ^ “Brunei will remain a MIB-guided nation, thanks to religious education | Borneo Bulletin Online”. borneobulletin.com.bn. 21 October 2017. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
- ^ “Merriam-Webster Online”. M-w.com. 25 April 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ Geertz, Clifford. “Local Knowledge: Fact and Law in Comparative Perspective”, pp. 167–234 in Geertz Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology, NY: Basic Books. 1983.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c “Human Settlement Country Profile, Bulgaria (2004)” (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
- ^ HUMAN SETTLEMENT COUNTRY PROFILE: BULGARIA. United Nations (2004)
- ^ Detelina, Tocheva (June 2015). Explorations in Self-Sufficiency After Socialism. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 144. ISBN 9781782386964. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ “Российское село в демографическом измерении” (Rural Russia measured demographically) (in Russian). This article reports the following census statistics:Census year19591970197919892002Total number of rural localities in Russia294,059216,845177,047152,922155,289Of them, with population 1 to 10 persons41,49325,89523,85530,17047,089Of them, with population 11 to 200 persons186,437132,515105,11280,66368,807
- ^ “La grille communale de densité”. Insee. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ “Commune rurale”. Insee. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ “France”. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ “Borghi più belli d’Italia. Le 14 novità 2023, dal Trentino alla Calabria” (in Italian). 16 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ^ “I Borghi più belli d’Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell’Italia nascosta” (in Italian). Retrieved 3 May 2018.
- ^ “I Borghi più belli d’Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell’Italia nascosta” (in Italian). Retrieved 3 May 2018.
- ^ “I borghi più belli d’Italia si confermano tappa obbligata per conoscere l’altra Italia”. Travelnostop (in Italian). 4 July 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
- ^ “I “Borghi più belli d’Italia””. Araldicacivica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ “7 nuovi borghi ammessi nell’Associazione”. I Borghi Più Belli D’Italia (in Italian). 9 November 2023. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ “Regolamento” (PDF) (in Italian). Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ^ “Scopri tutti gli Eventi dei Borghi” (in Italian). 24 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
- ^ “Ministero degli Affari Esteri/Istituto italiano di cultura” (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ “ENIT, sito ufficiale/Borghi più belli d’Italia a Stoccolma” (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ “ENIT, sito ufficiale/Borghi più belli d’Italia a Londra” (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ “Borghi più belli d’Italia a Mosca/12/01/2014 da Centro Economia e Sviluppo Italo Russo” (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ “Borghi più belli d’Italia a New York/VNY” (in Italian). 15 January 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ “Associazione Borghi più belli d’Italia presentata a Madrid/Camera Commercio Italiana per la Spagna” (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ “Res Tipica, Italia da conoscere, associazione costituita da ANCI e Associazioni Nazionali delle Città di Identità” (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ “In Giappone “I Borghi più belli d’Italia”/Il sole24ore” (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ “Sito ufficiale Costa Crociere” (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ “Costa Crociere: partnership con l’associazione dei Borghi più belli d’Italia/GV” (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ Wild, Martin Trevor (2004). Village England: A Social History of the Countryside. I.B.Tauris. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-86064-939-4.
- ^ Taylor, Christopher (1984). Village and farmstead: A History of Rural Settlement in England. G. Philip. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-540-01082-0.
- ^ OECD (2011). OECD Rural Policy Reviews: England, United Kingdom 2011. OECD Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 978-9264094420.
- ^ The Parliamentary gazetteer of England and Wales. Vol. 3. A. Fullarton & Co. 1851. p. 344.
- ^ “Maltby Ward”. Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ Baylies, Carolyn Louise (1993). The history of the Yorkshire miners, 1881–1918. Routledge. ISBN 0415093597.
- ^ “National Statistics”. Statistics.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 13 March 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ “Portobello Community Council”. Porty.org.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ “Ouston Parish Council”. durham.gov.uk.
- ^ “A project proposal”. Almashriq.hiof.no. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ “Origin of the name “Canada””. Government of Canada. 15 August 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ^ “Detailed map of Ohio” (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ “Ohio Revised Code Section 703.01(A)”. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ “2002 Census of Governments, Individual State Descriptions” (PDF).
- ^ “2012 Census of Governments, Individual State Descriptions” (PDF).
- ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 6, 15th Edition. ISBN 0-85229-961-3, p. 763
- ^ Sani Abubakar Lugga. The Great Province, Lugga Press Gidan Lugga, Kofar Marusa Road, Katsina Nigeria, ISBN 978-2105-48-1, p. 43
- ^ Sani Abubakar Lugga. The Great Province, Lugga Press Gidan Lugga, Kofar Marusa Road, Katsina Nigeria, ISBN 978-2105-48-1, p. 63
- ^ Jump up to:a b A Johnson Ugoji Anyaele. Comprehensive Government, A Johnson Publishers LTD. Surulere, Lagos. ISBN 978-2799-49-1, p. 123
- ^ Adesiyun, A. A.; Adekeye, J. O.; Umoh, J. U.; Nadarajab, M. (1983). “Studies on well water and possible health risks in Katsina, Nigeria”. The Journal of Hygiene. 90 (2): 199–205. doi:10.1017/S0022172400028862. PMC 2134251. PMID 6833745.
- ^ How Katsina state is doing so much with so little. abrahamplace.blogspot.jp (29 October 2012; original from peoplesdaily-online.com).
- ^ Nigerian Operator Expands Coverage. cellular-news.com (5 April 2006).
- ^ Village. igboguide.org
- “Division of Oral Health – Infection Control Glossary”. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
- ^ Loveday HP, Wilson JA, Pratt RJ, Golsorkhi M, Tingle A, Bak A, et al. (January 2014). “epic3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England”. The Journal of Hospital Infection. 86 (Suppl 1): S1-70. doi:10.1016/S0195-6701(13)60012-2. PMC 7114876. PMID 24330862.
- ^ Slater K, Cooke M, Fullerton F, Whitby M, Hay J, Lingard S, et al. (September 2020). “Peripheral intravenous catheter needleless connector decontamination study-Randomized controlled trial”. American Journal of Infection Control. 48 (9): 1013–1018. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2019.11.030. PMID 31928890. S2CID 210193248.
- ^ Rabenau HF, Kampf G, Cinatl J, Doerr HW (October 2005). “Efficacy of various disinfectants against SARS coronavirus”. The Journal of Hospital Infection. 61 (2): 107–111. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2004.12.023. PMC 7132504. PMID 15923059.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Story P (November 1952). “Testing of skin disinfectants”. British Medical Journal. 2 (4794): 1128–1130. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4794.1128. PMC 2021886. PMID 12987777.
- ^ Society for Applied Bacteriology (1981). Disinfectants: Their Use and Evaluation of Effectiveness. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-181380-2.[page needed]
- ^ “Cleaning”. Fodd Standards Agency. Retrieved 12 December 2019., (2009), Mid Sussex District Council, UK.
- ^ “Green Cleaning, Sanitizing, and Disinfecting: A Curriculum for Early Care and Education” (PDF). Retrieved 8 April 2019.
- ^ Roberts H (April 2020). “The difference between sanitizing and disinfecting. One kills more germs than the other”. Insider.
- ^ Yeung YW, Ma Y, Liu SY, Pun WH, Chua SL (September 2022). “Prevalence of alcohol-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens on public hand sanitizer dispensers”. The Journal of Hospital Infection. 127: 26–33. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2022.05.017. PMC 9176178. PMID 35690267.
- ^ “Therapeutic Goods Order No. 54 — Standard for Disinfectants and Sterilants as amended made under section 10 of the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989”. No. F2009C00327. legislation.gov.au. Federal Register of Legislative Instruments. 25 March 2009. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ Sandle T, ed. (2012). The CDC Handbook: A Guide to Cleaning and Disinfecting Cleanrooms (1st ed.). Grosvenor House Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1781487686.
- ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (21 December 2012). “Sterilization or Disinfection of Medical Devices”. CDC. Archived from the original on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- ^ Vijayakumar R, Kannan VV, Sandle T, Manoharan C (May 2012). “In vitro Antifungal Efficacy of Biguanides and Quaternary Ammonium Compounds against Cleanroom Fungal Isolates”. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 66 (3): 236–242. doi:10.5731/pdajpst.2012.00866 (inactive 19 November 2024). PMID 22634589. S2CID 40400887.
- ^ García MR, Cabo ML (June 2018). “Optimization of E. coli Inactivation by Benzalkonium Chloride Reveals the Importance of Quantifying the Inoculum Effect on Chemical Disinfection”. Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 1259. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01259. PMC 6028699. PMID 29997577.
- ^ “Common Cleaning Products May Be Dangerous When Mixed” (PDF). New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
- ^ “Hospital Disinfectants for General Disinfection of Environmental Surfaces” (PDF). New York State Department of Health. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
- ^ Robertson OH, Bigg E, Puck TT, Miller BF (June 1942). “The Bactericidal Action of Propylene Glycol Vapor on Microorganisms Suspended in Air. I”. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 75 (6): 593–610. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.273.1031. doi:10.1084/jem.75.6.593. PMC 2135271. PMID 19871209.
- ^ For a review through 1952 see: Lester W, Dunklin E, Robertson OH (April 1952). “Bactericidal Effects of Propylene and Triethylene Glycol Vapors on Airborne Escherichia coli”. Science. 115 (2988): 379–382. Bibcode:1952Sci…115..379L. doi:10.1126/Science.115.2988.379. PMID 17770126.
- ^ For a review of the toxicity of propylene glycol, see: United States Environmental Protection Agency (September 2006). Reregistration eligibility decision for propylene glycol and dipropylene glycol (Report). EPA 739-R-06-002.
- ^ For a review of the toxicity of triethylene glycol, see: United States Environmental Protection Agency (September 2005). Reregistration eligibility decision for triethylene glycol (Report). EPA 739-R-05-002.
- ^ Langmuir AD, Ingraham HS, Brandt AD, Lester W, Loosli CG, Parkins JE, et al. (May 1950). “PROGRESS in the control of air-borne infections”. American Journal of Public Health and the Nation’s Health. 40 (5 Pt 2): 82–88. doi:10.2105/AJPH.40.5_Pt_2.82. PMC 1528669. PMID 15418852.
- ^ Lester W, Kaye S, Robertson OH, Dunklin EW (July 1950). “Factors of importance in the use of triethylene glycol vapor for aerial disinfection”. American Journal of Public Health and the Nation’s Health. 40 (7): 813–820. doi:10.2105/AJPH.40.7.813. PMC 1528959. PMID 15425663.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines”. Guidelines Library: Infection Control. CDC. 28 December 2016. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Food Safety A to Z Reference Guide-B”. FDA CFSAN. Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Moorer WR (August 2003). “Antiviral activity of alcohol for surface disinfection”. International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 1 (3): 138–142. doi:10.1034/j.1601-5037.2003.00032.x. PMID 16451513.
- ^ van Engelenburg FA, Terpstra FG, Schuitemaker H, Moorer WR (June 2002). “The virucidal spectrum of a high concentration alcohol mixture”. The Journal of Hospital Infection. 51 (2): 121–125. doi:10.1053/jhin.2002.1211. PMID 12090799.
- ^ Lages SL, Ramakrishnan MA, Goyal SM (February 2008). “In-vivo efficacy of hand sanitisers against feline calicivirus: a surrogate for norovirus”. The Journal of Hospital Infection. 68 (2): 159–163. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2007.11.018. PMID 18207605.
- ^ “Clean & Disinfect Mold, Bacteria & Viruses in any Environment”. UrthPRO. Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c “CDC – Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Chemical Listing and Documentation of Revised IDLH Values – NIOSH Publications and Products”. Cdc.gov. 31 July 2009. Archived from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.